Deliberate self-harm, substance use, and negative affect in nonclinical samples: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND METHOD A systematic literature review was conducted to examine associations between self-harm, substance use, and negative affect in nonclinical samples. RESULTS Forty-two articles describing 36 studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that individuals who engage in substance use are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm. It was also found that negative affective states such as depression and anxiety are consistently associated with self-harm. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide some guidance in identifying those who are at increased risk of self-harm. Reducing these risk factors could be an important strategy in preventing self-harm behavior in the general population.